RESUMO
El presente artículo se centra en el rol que desempeña la actividad física (AF) en la salud pública, destacando el papel en la prevención de la morbimortalidad producto de las enfermedades crónicas asociadas a la nutrición y muertes prematuras. La evidencia de asociación entre la actividad física y salud, ampliamente sustentada dentro de la literatura científica, justifica su consideración dentro de los programas de promoción de la salud a nivel mundial. La estrategia de búsqueda se focalizó en las reseñas históricas de los beneficios de la actividad física, como factor que subyace en el concepto de vida saludable. En este sentido se hace hincapié en la relación entre la inactividad física y la existencia de ciertos tipos de enfermedades cardio-metabólicas, la posible asociación entre la AF y las funciones cognoscitivas y la aparición del sobrepeso y obesidad el cual constituyen en la actualidad, un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. De igual manera se plantea dentro de la revisión analizada, el efecto de los cambios demográficos que propician la conducta sedentaria, las diversas metodologías empleadas para la evaluación de la A.F. y el sedentarismo, especialmente las encuestas diseñadas al efecto; datos sobre el nivel de la misma y conducta sedentaria en diferentes grupos de edad y algunos países latinoamericanos, consideraciones sobre las disposiciones legales que norman la actividad física especialmente en el ámbito escolar y, finalmente, ciertas estrategias urbanas e intervenciones empleadas en distintos grupos de edad para aminorar el efecto del sedentarismo(AU)
This article focuses on the role played by physical activity (PA) on public health, highlighting the role in preventing morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases, associated with quality of nutrition and premature deaths. Evidence of the association between physical activity and health, widely supported in the scientific literature, justify its consideration within the global health promotion programs. The research strategy focuses on the historical reviews of the benefits of physical activity, as a factor underlying the concept of healthy life. In this sense emphasis on relationship between physical inactivity and the existence of certain types of cardio-metabolic diseases, the possible association between P.A. and cognitive functions and the occurrence of overweight and obesity, which are now worldwide public health problems, were surveyed. Similarly, the review intends to summarize the effect of demographic changes that encourage sedentary behavior, different methodologies to assess P.A. and sedentariness, its current status in different groups of ages and in some Latin America countries, considerations for the legal provisions governing the physical activity, especially at school age and, finally, certain urban strategies and interventions employed in different age groups to lessen the effect of the sedentary lifestyle(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Qualidade de Vida , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doença Crônica , Diabetes Mellitus , Comportamento Sedentário , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Obesidade , Saúde , Saúde Mental , Prevenção de Doenças , Grupos EtáriosRESUMO
Adiposity and distribution of body fat are important issues in the prediction of degenerative diseases. Measurements of weight, height, circumferences of thigh, waist and hip; triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds; body mass index (BMI), centripetal index (CI), waist/hip (WHR), waist/thigh (WTR) ratios and sigma skinfold thickness (sigma SK) were performed in 836 youths (373 males, 463 females) aged 11, 13 and 15 years. Analysis method included Student t test, ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis and simple linear regression model, with sigma skinfold thickness as independent variable. The sample was divided in two groups (A and B) according with Graffar-MÚndez Castellano methodology. Sexual dimorphism in adiposity and differences in body fat distribution were found with a tendency towards peripherical distribution for girls and centripetal for boys. Group A (higher stratum) showed higher values of skinfolds in both trunk and extremities, and a more peripherical distribution than his peers from group B. First component from extremity/trunk and second component from upper/inferior trunk distribution explained 40.2 and 32.7 of the variability respectively. CI and WHR appear dependent from BMI, WHR showed independence from BMI, although significant differences was found by social stratum, reflecting differences in fat topography in boys and girls from group B. These results confirm more adiposity in group A and a tendency towards central distribution in group B. Studies of body fat distribution during these age should include waist/thigh ratio.